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Today's Technician: Automotive Suspension & Steering Systems, Classroom Manual and Shop Manual

By Mark Schnubel

8th Edition © 2025
Discipline:Automotive & Trucking
Course:Automotive
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Schnubel's TODAY'S TECHNICIAN: AUTOMOTIVE SUSPENSION & STEERING SYSTEMS, CLASSROOM MANUAL AND SHOP MANUAL, 8th Edition, covers diagnosis and service of automotive suspension and steering systems. The Classroom Manual details theory and applications, while the Shop Manual focuses on real-world symptoms, diagnostics and repairs. Comprehensive coverage, up-to-date details and abundant illustrations make it an ideal resource to prepare for success as an automotive technician or pursue ASE certification. Updated with extensive information on new and emerging technology and techniques, including hybrid and electric vehicles, electronic power steering, new passenger tire HL sizing and computer-controlled suspensions and network diagnosis, the text aligns with area A4 of the ASE Education Foundation 2022 accreditation model, including job sheets correlated to specific MLR, AST and MAST tasks.

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About this product

Schnubel's TODAY'S TECHNICIAN: AUTOMOTIVE SUSPENSION & STEERING SYSTEMS, CLASSROOM MANUAL AND SHOP MANUAL, 8th Edition, covers diagnosis and service of automotive suspension and steering systems. The Classroom Manual details theory and applications, while the Shop Manual focuses on real-world symptoms, diagnostics and repairs. Comprehensive coverage, up-to-date details and abundant illustrations make it an ideal resource to prepare for success as an automotive technician or pursue ASE certification. Updated with extensive information on new and emerging technology and techniques, including hybrid and electric vehicles, electronic power steering, new passenger tire HL sizing and computer-controlled suspensions and network diagnosis, the text aligns with area A4 of the ASE Education Foundation 2022 accreditation model, including job sheets correlated to specific MLR, AST and MAST tasks.

This comprehensive text offers a dedicated Classroom Manual covering theory and applications and a Shop Manual focused on service, diagnosis, and repair procedures

Full-color drawings, photos, and schematics show modern technology and applications in accurate detail, making even complex concepts and procedures easier to understand and apply.

Table of contents

Chapters

Cover Page
Title Page
Copyright Page
Preface
Acknowledgments
Classrom Manual
Shop Manual
Appendix A. ASE Practice Examination
Appendix B. Metric Conversions
Appendix C. Special Tool Suppliers
Appendix D. Manufacturer Websites
Appendix E. Suspension and Steering Professional Associations
Appendix F. States With Tire Chain Laws
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Classrom Manual

Chapter 1. Suspension and Steering Systems
Preview this section ↗
Introduction ↗
Frames and Unitized Bodies ↗
Front Suspension Systems ↗
Short-and-Long-Arm Front Suspension Systems ↗
MacPherson Strut Front Suspension Systems ↗
Rear Suspension Systems ↗
Tires, Wheels, and Hubs ↗
Tire Purpose ↗
Wheel Purpose ↗
Wheel Hubs ↗
Shock Absorbers and Struts ↗
Computer-Controlled Suspension Systems and Shock Absorbers ↗
Steering Systems ↗
Steering Columns and Steering Linkage Mechanisms ↗
Recirculating Ball Steering Gears ↗
Rack and Pinion Steering Gears ↗
Wheel Alignment ↗
Rear Wheel Tracking ↗
Rear Wheel Toe ↗
Rear Wheel Camber ↗
Front Wheel Camber ↗
Front Wheel Caster ↗
Front Wheel Toe ↗
Summary ↗
Review Questions ↗
Chapter 2. Basic Theories
Introduction
Newton’s Laws of Motion
First Law
Second Law
Third Law
Work and Force
Energy
Energy Conversion
Chemical to Thermal Energy Conversion
Thermal to Mechanical Energy Conversion
Electrical to Mechanical Energy Conversion
Mechanical to Electrical Energy Conversion
Inertia
Momentum
Friction
Mass, Weight, and Volume
Torque
Power
Principles Involving Tires and Wheels in Motion
Principles Involving the Balance of Wheels in Motion
Principles Involving Liquids and Gases
Molecular Energy
Temperature, Pressure, and Compressibility
Liquid Flow
Hydraulic Fluid as a Flexible Machine
Atmospheric Pressure
Atmospheric Pressure and Temperature
Atmospheric Pressure and Altitude
Vacuum
Venturi Principle
Electrical Principles
The Basics: Voltage, Amperage, and Resistance
Ohm’s Law
Types of Circuits and Using Digital Multimeters
Summary
Review Questions
Chapter 3. Tires and Wheels
Introduction
Tire Design
Tire Ply and Belt Design
Tire Tread Design
Tire Defects
Tire Ratings and Sidewall Information
Section Width, Aspect Ratio, and Ply Design
Rim Diameter and Load Rating
Speed Rating
Department of Transportation (DOT) Tire Grading
Tread Wear Rating
Traction Rating
Temperature Rating
Tire Contact Area
Tire Placard and Inflation Pressure
Nitrogen Tire Inflation
Specialty Tires
Noise Reducing Technology
Low Rolling Resistance
Replacement Tires
Plus Sizing
Tire Valves
Tire Pressure Monitoring Systems
Tire Pressure Monitoring Systems (TPMS) with Valve Stem Sensors
TPMS with Electronic Vehicle Information Center (EVIC) Display
Wheels
Tire Chains
Compact Spare Tires
Run-Flat Tires
Run-Flat Tires with Sidewall Reinforcements
Self-Sealing Tires
Run-Flat Tires with Support Ring
Static Wheel Balance Theory
Results of Static Unbalance
Dynamic Wheel Balance Theory
Results of Dynamic Wheel Unbalance
Tire Motion Forces
Noise, Vibration, and Harshness Analysis
Vibration Theory
Vibration Classifications and Terminology
Shake
Roughness
Buzz
Tingling
Boom
Moan or Drone
Howl
Whine
Summary
Review Questions
Chapter 4. Wheel Bearings
Introduction
Bearing Loads
Ball Bearings
Ball Bearing Seals, Shields, and Snap Rings
Roller Bearings
Roller Bearing
Tapered Roller Bearing
Needle Roller Bearings
Seals
Wheel Bearings
Front Steering Knuckles with Two Separate Tapered Roller Bearings
Wheel Hubs with Two Separate Tapered Roller Bearings
Rear-Axle Bearings
Bearing Lubrication
Summary
Review Questions
Chapter 5. Shock Absorbers and Struts
Introduction
Shock Absorber and Strut Ratios
Twin-Tube Shock Absorber Design
Shock Absorber Operation
Gas-Filled Shock Absorbers and Struts
Heavy-Duty Mono-Tube Shock Absorber Design
Strut Design, Front Suspension
Shock Absorber and Strut Design, Rear Suspension
Travel-Sensitive Strut
Adjustable Struts
Load-Leveling Shock Absorbers
Electronically Controlled Shock Absorbers and Struts
Summary
Review Questions
Chapter 6. Front Suspension Systems
Introduction
Suspension System Components
Coil Springs
Lightweight Coil Springs
Multiple-Leaf Springs
Mono-leaf Springs
Ball Joints
Load-Carrying Ball Joint
Non-Load-Carrying Ball Joint
Low-Friction Ball Joints
Strut Rod
Short-and-Long Arm Front Suspension Systems
Upper and Lower Control Arms
Steering Knuckle
Coil Spring and Shock Absorber
Improved Designs in Short-and-Long Arm Front Suspension Systems
Sway Bar
Macpherson Strut Front Suspension System Design
Lower Control Arms and Support
Stabilizer Bar
Lower Ball Joint
Steering Knuckle and Bearing Assembly
Strut and Coil Spring Assembly
Modified MacPherson Strut Suspension
High-Performance Front Suspension Systems
Multilink Front Suspension System
Improved Double Wishbone Front Suspension System
Multilink Front Suspension with Compression and Lateral Lower Arms
Hydraulic Suspension Bushings and Mounts
Twin I-Beam Suspension Systems
Ride Height
Summary
Review Questions
Chapter 7. Rear Suspension Systems
Introduction
Live Axle Rear Suspension Systems
Leaf-Spring Rear Suspension
Coil Spring Rear Suspension
Semi-Independent Rear Suspension Systems
Independent Rear Suspension Systems
MacPherson Strut Independent Rear Suspension System
Modified MacPherson Strut Independent Rear Suspension System
Independent Rear Suspension with Lower Control Arm and Ball Joint
Independent Short-and-Long Arm Rear Suspension System
Independent Rear Suspension System with Rear Axle Carrier
Multilink Independent Rear Suspension System
Double Wishbone Rear Suspension
Independent Rear Suspension with Transverse Leaf Spring
Curb Riding Height
Summary
Review Questions
Chapter 8. Steering Columns and Steering Linkage Mechanisms
Introduction
Non-Tilt Steering Column
Design
Tilt Steering Column
Design
Electronic Tilt and Telescoping Steering Column
Active Steering Column
Driver Protection Module
Steering Linkage Mechanisms
Rack and Pinion Steering Linkage
Parallelogram Steering Linkage
Tie Rods
Pitman Arm
Idler Arm
Center Links
Crossover Steer Linkage
Haltenberger
Steering Damper
Summary
Review Questions
Chapter 9. Four-Wheel Alignment, Part 1 Primary Angles
Introduction
Camber Fundamentals
Camber
Driving Conditions Affecting Camber
Jounce and Rebound
Cornering Forces
Tire Tread Wear
Road Crown
Caster Fundamentals
Caster Definition
Effects of Positive Caster
Effects of Negative Caster
Effects of Suspension Height on Caster
Safety Factors and Caster
Directional Control
Suspension Height
Toe Definition
Toe Setting for Front-Wheel-Drive and Rear-Wheel-Drive Vehicles
Toe Adjustment and Tire Wear
Steering Terminology
Wheel Alignment Theory
Road Variables
Types of Wheel Alignment
Geometric Centerline Alignment
Thrust Line Alignment
Four-Wheel Alignment
Importance of Four-Wheel Alignment
Rear Wheel Alignment and Vehicle Tracking Problems
Result of Proper Rear Wheel Alignment
Result of Improper Rear Wheel Alignment
Computer Alignment Systems
Computer Wheel Aligner Features
Wheel Alignment Degree Versus Minutes
Rear Wheel Alignment
Rear Wheel Alignment Diagnosis
Defects That Cause Incorrect Rear Wheel Alignment
Rear Wheel Camber
Rear Wheel Toe
Steering Angle Sensor Reset
Summary
Review Questions
Chapter 10. Four-Wheel Alignment, Part 2 Diagnostic Angles and Frame Damage
Introduction
Steering Axis Inclination and Included Angle
SAI Purpose
SAI and Safety Factors
Scrub Radius
Scrub Radius and Safety
Wheel Setback
Turning Angle
Turning Action
Steering Arm Design and Turning Angle
Slip Angle
Frames and Frame Damage
Types of Frames and Frame Construction
Frame Construction
Ladder-Type Frames
Perimeter-Type Frames
Aluminum Space Frames
Unitized Body Design
Vehicle Directional Stability
Vehicle Tracking
Wheel Setback
Axle Offset
Axle Sideset
Types of Frame Damage
Side Sway
Sag
Frame Buckle
Diamond-Frame Condition
Frame Twist
Summary
Review Questions
Chapter 11. Computer-Controlled Suspension Systems
Introduction
Integrated Electronic Systems and Networks
Advantages of Integrated Electronic Systems and Networks
Types of Networks
Data Bus Network
Controller Area Network
Network Topology
Electronic Modulated Ride Control System
System Design
Steering Position Sensor
Brake Pressure Sensor
Strut and Shock Actuators
Operation
Electronic Air Suspension System Components
Air Springs
Air Spring Valves
Air Compressor
Compressor Relay
Control Module
On/Off Switch
Height Sensors
Warning Lamp
Electronic Air Suspension System Operation
Ignition Switch Off
Ignition Switch in Run Position
General Operation
Specific Control Module Operation
Air Suspension System Design Variations
Rear Load-Leveling Air Suspension System
Air Suspension System with Speed Leveling Capabilities
Special Air Suspension System Features on Four-Wheel-Drive Vehicles
Vehicle Dynamic Suspension System
Electronic Suspension Control System
General Description
Inputs
Outputs
Rear Automatic Level Control
Speed-Sensitive Steering System
Vehicle Stability Control
Antilock Brake System (ABS) Operation
Traction Control System (TCS) Operation
Vehicle Stability Control
Active Roll Control Systems
Adaptive Cruise Control (ACC) Systems
Lane Departure Warning (LDW) Systems
Collision Mitigation Systems
Active Park Assist
Telematics
Summary
Review Questions
Chapter 12. Power Steering Pumps
Introduction
Power Steering Pump Drive Belts
Types of Power-Assisted Steering Systems
Rack-and-Pinion Steering System
Integral Power-Assisted Steering System
Hydro-Boost Power-Assisted Steering System
Power Steering Pump Design
Power Steering Pump Operation
Vane and Cam Action
Power Steering Pump Operation at Idle Speed
Power Steering Pump Operation at Higher Engine Speeds
Power Steering Pump Operation During Pressure Relief
Hybrid Vehicles and Power Steering Systems
Advantages and Types of Hybrid Electric Vehicles
Hybrid Powertrain Components
Engine to Transaxle Coupling
Propulsion Motor/Generator
Generator/Starter
Inverter
Battery Pack and Related Cables
HEV Indicators
HEV Operation
Power Steering and Hybrid Vehicles
Various Types of HEVs
Belt-Driven HEVs
Plug-In HEVs
Extended Range Electric Vehicle
Fuel Cell Vehicles
Summary
Review Questions
Chapter 13. Rack-and-Pinion Steering Gears and Four-Wheel Steering
Introduction
Manual Rack-and-Pinion Steering Gear Main Components
Rack
Pinion
Tie Rods and Tie Rod Ends
Rack Adjustment
Steering Gear Ratio
Manual Rack-and-Pinion Steering Gear Mounting
Advantages and Disadvantages of Rack-and-Pinion Steering
Power Rack-and-Pinion Steering Gears
Design and Operation
Rotary Valve and Spool Valve Operation
Types of Power Rack-and-Pinion Steering Gears
Power Rack-and-Pinion Steering Gear
Electronic Variable Orifice Steering
Input Sensors
Output Control
Electronic Variable Effort Steering
Design and Operation
Electronic Power Steering
Steering Angle Sensor
Torque/Force Sensor
Pinion Angle Sensor
Linear Variable Differential Transformer
Electric Power Steering Rack-and-Pinion Designs
Pinion-Drive Design
Active Steering Planetary Gear Set Design
Active Steering Parallel Axis Design
Steering Gear Motor Current Control
Column-Drive Electronic Power Steering
Input Sensors
Power Steering Motor
Column-Drive Electronic Power Steering Operation
Steer-By-Wire Systems
Electronically Controlled Four-Wheel Steering
Steering Wheel Position Sensor
Rear Wheel Position Sensor
Four-Wheel Active Steering (4WAS)
4WAS System Design
4WAS System Operation
Summary
Review Questions
Chapter 14. Recirculating Ball Steering Gears
Introduction
Manual Recirculating Ball Steering Gears
Design and Operation
Power Recirculating Ball Steering Gears
Design and Operation
Summary
Review Questions
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