Textbooks
Online Learning Platforms
Special Initiatives
Textbooks
Online Learning Platforms
Watch videos of the keynote presentations, plus all the breakout teaching sessions shared throughout the conference.
Keep up with the ever-changing landscape of Computing Education with CCE Virtual, CCE Regional and our annual CCE national event.
Empower yourself with practical ideas to increase your online teaching skills and maximize student engagement!
Learn strategies from fellow educators and WebAssign and OWLv2 experts in this webinar series for math and science faculty.
OER & AER: Lowering Textbook Costs While Preserving Quality
Learn how three institutions lowered course material costs through blended affordability models that leverage both Open Educational Resources (OER) and Affordable Education Resources (AER).
Case Studies in Making College More Affordable
College affordability is a crucial issue. Watch our webcast with Inside Higher Ed, and Dr. Margaret M. McMenamin (UCNJ), as they share steps institutions are taking to ease students’ financial burden.
Level Up B.A.S.I.C.S. of Teaching & Learning with AI
Get a fresh take on evidence-based practices. Discover how GenAI can help you execute the B.A.S.I.C.S. of solid learning design and empower you and your students in this modern era.
Embracing the Power of Generative AI
Watch this webinar to learn why and how you can consider using AI to open new possibilities in the classroom. Hear first-hand experiences and potential concerns from the higher ed panel.
Making Sense of Microcredentialing
Cengage and Inside Higher Ed will cover the ins and outs of credentialing, how you can integrate microcredentialing at your institution and what you need to consider when investing in these new offerings.
Inside Higher Ed Academic Leadership All-Star Panel
Three institutional leaders discuss issues facing higher education today. They’ll also share the bold approaches they’ve taken to help foster student success.
Creating DEIB Magic Through Real Intention
Uncover meaningful ways to prioritize DEIB across your institution. Experience diverse perspectives and get actionable steps to make DEIB a reality. When everyone works together, magic can happen.
Tips for Effective, Equitable & Meaningful Group Work
Group work makes classes more interactive and promotes valuable career skills—when it’s done right. Learn how to use the basics of successful project management to create effective group activities.
Strengthening Skills for Career-Ready Students
From writing and group projects to presentations and class discussions, communication skills are vital for student success in college and careers. Learn how to foster these skills with tips from the experts.
American Government: Practical Optimism Panel Discussion
In this online panel discussion, expert Cengage Political Science and US History authors ponder the big questions facing the country through a lens of hope and optimism.
“Ask Greg Mankiw”: A Crowd-Sourced Webinar
Join Greg Mankiw of Harvard University for a discussion on how current issues including inflation, the continuation of the COVID-19 pandemic and heightened military tensions will affect the economy.
Tech Ethics & Online Teaching
Tech ethicist David Ryan Polgar discusses the unique ethical challenges that arise when teaching online and offers practical advice for educators looking to improve their digital skills as they navigate them.
OER & AER: Lowering Textbook Costs While Preserving Quality
Learn how three institutions lowered course material costs through blended affordability models that leverage both Open Educational Resources (OER) and Affordable Education Resources (AER).
Case Studies in Making College More Affordable
College affordability is a crucial issue. Watch our webcast with Inside Higher Ed, and Dr. Margaret M. McMenamin (UCNJ), as they share steps institutions are taking to ease students’ financial burden.
Level Up B.A.S.I.C.S. of Teaching & Learning with AI
Get a fresh take on evidence-based practices. Discover how GenAI can help you execute the B.A.S.I.C.S. of solid learning design and empower you and your students in this modern era.
Embracing the Power of Generative AI
Watch this webinar to learn why and how you can consider using AI to open new possibilities in the classroom. Hear first-hand experiences and potential concerns from the higher ed panel.
Making Sense of Microcredentialing
Cengage and Inside Higher Ed will cover the ins and outs of credentialing, how you can integrate microcredentialing at your institution and what you need to consider when investing in these new offerings.
Inside Higher Ed Academic Leadership All-Star Panel
Three institutional leaders discuss issues facing higher education today. They’ll also share the bold approaches they’ve taken to help foster student success.
Creating DEIB Magic Through Real Intention
Uncover meaningful ways to prioritize DEIB across your institution. Experience diverse perspectives and get actionable steps to make DEIB a reality. When everyone works together, magic can happen.
Tips for Effective, Equitable & Meaningful Group Work
Group work makes classes more interactive and promotes valuable career skills—when it’s done right. Learn how to use the basics of successful project management to create effective group activities.
Strengthening Skills for Career-Ready Students
From writing and group projects to presentations and class discussions, communication skills are vital for student success in college and careers. Learn how to foster these skills with tips from the experts.
American Government: Practical Optimism Panel Discussion
In this online panel discussion, expert Cengage Political Science and US History authors ponder the big questions facing the country through a lens of hope and optimism.
“Ask Greg Mankiw”: A Crowd-Sourced Webinar
Join Greg Mankiw of Harvard University for a discussion on how current issues including inflation, the continuation of the COVID-19 pandemic and heightened military tensions will affect the economy.
Tech Ethics & Online Teaching
Tech ethicist David Ryan Polgar discusses the unique ethical challenges that arise when teaching online and offers practical advice for educators looking to improve their digital skills as they navigate them.
Food for Thought: Engaging Students in US History
Watch this recorded webinar session for a comprehensive tour of WebAssign for Chemistry, our online learning platform, now available for select chemistry courses.
Food for Thought: Engaging Students in US History
Watch this recorded webinar to learn about the latest product developments in Cengage US history, and how recent revisions have helped shape unique and high-quality content for your students.
Personalize Learning With AI and Cengage
Explore GenAI at Cengage, from the tools you can use now to what’s next. Preview the Student Assistant — and how it helps students think critically, while personalizing their learning experience.
Who Says Bones Are Boring?
Get your students excited about bone anatomy! In this recorded session, we explore innovative ways to help students feel engaged, grasp bone features and apply their knowledge beyond the lab.
Food for Thought: Redeveloping Comparative Politics
Watch this recorded webinar session to learn about the biggest updates and changes to “Introduction to Comparative Politics: Political Challenges and Changing Agendas,” 9e.
Channeling Stress Responses into Positive Outcomes
Enjoy a discussion in partnership with HAPS about what stress actually is, literature around helpful and harmful stress and evidence-based ways to channel stress into positive academic outcomes for students.
Addressing Calculus Readiness Gaps
Prepare your Calculus students to overcome any readiness gaps coming into Calculus I-II with WebAssign resources such as the Stewart-authored Diagnostic Tests with new tutorial support and more.
Food for Thought: American Government
Watch this recorded webinar session to learn how the latest titles and MindTap activities for American Government courses foster discussion and develop critical thinking.
Investments for the 21st Century: Author Overview
Gain valuable insights into how investments, analysis and decision-making can be applied to help students advance their careers with Excel and other technologies.
Equipping Medical Coding Students to Become Career Ready
Learn about the updated user experience in our Medical Insurance Billing and Coding Certification Exam Review Preparation online material, along with MindTap program enhancements.
Educator’s Edge: Student Mastery with AI Assessments
Learn how AI can benefit your students with MindTap Bongo. Explore highly customizable and versatile tools and create AI-powered videos based on your teaching preferences and needs.
Developing Statistical Thinking with WebAssign and SALT
Learn how the Statistical Analysis & Learning Tool (SALT) and new resources in WebAssign enable instructors to guide Introductory Statistics students in analyzing and visualizing data.
Tackling Challenges in Teaching Introductory Accounting
Experiencing challenges in teaching Introductory Accounting? Jeff Jones, member of our Warren author team, offers support and practical guidance on presenting key topics to students.
Exploring Tax Research: A Dynamic Approach to Teaching Tax
Explore the what, why, how and when to add primary authorities into teaching tax to your Accounting majors. Get examples you can put into action with your students.
Put Medical Assisting Students on a Path to Excellence
Discover how MindTap for Medical Assisting delivers real-world activities to help students gain the critical, hands-on skills they need to become excellent Medical Assistants.
Bring Coding to Life: MindTap with GitHub Codespaces
Discover how MindTap with GitHub Codespaces enables collaboration, code sharing and real-time feedback among you and your students. Learn how it delivers an authentic coding environment from anywhere.
Teaching Data Mining & Machine Learning in Analytics
Ideal for faculty of Business Statistics, Analytics, Operations Management or data/machine-learning programs, this webinar delivers proven approaches for teaching data mining and machine learning.
Making Teaching Easier: What’s New in WebAssign
Get the inside scoop on changes we’ve been making to WebAssign, including a new instructor experience, new mastery functionality and enhanced feedback to support student learning.
Using Digital Assets to Teach Taxation to Students
This webinar explores digital assets, such as virtual currency and NFTs, and address the tax rules that apply to them and the open issues.
Making the Case for Case Studies: The Sequel
In this extension of our in-person event at HAPS, we will discuss the importance of case study teaching, compare and contrast different teaching methods and adapt a case study for your classroom.
Integrating Data Visualization with Business Analytics
In this webinar, two leading analytics and data science instructors will discuss the best ways to integrate data visualization into your Business Analytics courses and across your curriculum.
Grow Students’ Calculus Understanding with WebAssign
In this webinar, you’ll discover the exercises in WebAssign for Calculus that offer engaging exercises and study resources to help develop students’ conceptual understanding.
Strengthening Help-Seeking in the A&P Lab
What drives some students to ask for help while others don’t? We’ll examine the research about academic help-seeking before diving in to practical ways to embed help-seeking supports in the A&P lab.
Analytics Skills in Accounting with Realistic Data Sets
This webinar explores new ways to give your Accounting students experience working with realistic data sets and build their confidence and critical thinking abilities.
Teaching Medical Insurance Billing & Coding w/MindTap
Explore MindTap for Advanced Medical Coding Practicum 2023/2024, 1e, which includes an updated Medical Coding Trainer and Medical Insurance Billing and Coding Certification Exam Review Preparation.
Teaching Criminal Justice Beyond the Classroom
Dive into new assignment types in MindTap for Intro to Criminal Justice that help students build their decision-making skills through scenario-based activities and support them outside the classroom.
Images in A&P Teaching
Visual representation is a critical component of developing a sense of belonging―do students see themselves in the course content? Join Dr. Liz Co and Kathy Burleson to discuss imagery in A&P content.
Next Steps: The CPA Exam and Undergrad Tax Class
Learn how to design coursework that emphasizes the CPA Exam tax core and discipline, and identify resources from Cengage and AICPA to help students prepare for the 2024 CPA examination.
Next Steps: Adding Data Analytics into Intro Accounting
Learn more about the data analytics skill demand for college graduates, how to boost your courses with data analytics projects and how to integrate data analytics into your courses.
The Value of Tough Discussions in Government Courses
Join author Matt Levendusky for a conversation on tackling tough political topics and fostering healthy discussion in your American Government course, and take a tour of MindTap and Cengage Infuse.
Prepping Precalculus Students for Success in Calculus
In this webinar, you’ll learn about bridging readiness gaps with WebAssign using prerequisite refreshers, features that bridge gaps in students’ knowledge, Explore It modules and hands-on activities.
Grow Students’ Understanding of Calculus with WebAssign
Discover how you can help your students develop a conceptual understanding of Calculus using exercises in WebAssign, and hear from a fellow instructor on how they use WebAssign in their course.
Supporting Anatomy and Physiology Students with MindTap
In this webinar, you’ll dive into the Anatomy and Physiology toolkit, designed to help your students feel prepared, confident and seen as they move through your course.
New in Business Analytics: Textbooks and Data Mining
In this webinar, you’ll learn about the latest news in Business Analytics and review new methods of solving problems in data mining with Orange, a python-based software package.
Teaching Physics Beyond the Textbook with WebAssign
In this webinar, you’ll get a behind-the-scenes look into how the Digital Workbook in WebAssign for Physics was built, and take a deep dive into the activities themselves.
Bridging College Algebra Readiness Gaps with WebAssign
In this webinar, you’ll learn about the features in WebAssign that can help students overcome readiness gaps in College Algebra, and hear from a fellow instructor on how they use WebAssign.
Get Your Time Teaching Chemistry Back with OWLv2
In this webinar, you’ll hear from a current instructor about how to save time with easy-to-deliver, pre-built Chemistry activities in OWLv2, and how to deliver Laddered Assessments.
Develop Students’ Understanding of Statistics with SALT
In this webinar, you’ll learn how to help your students analyze data with the Statistical Analysis and Learning Tool (SALT) in WebAssign and guide them towards a deeper understanding of Statistics.
Thinking Rhetorically about Multimodal Composition
Discover how you can help support your students' compositions across modalities with Becoming Rhetorical and MindTap, featuring assignments grounded in the rhetorical skills they need for success.
Teaching Your Business Courses with Cengage Infuse
Discover how Cengage Infuse, our LMS-embedded course kit, can help students in Intro to Business, Marketing, Management and Business Law lock in their understanding of the material.
Applying Business Analytics to Higher Ed
Watch nationally recognized Business Analytics authors Dr. Jeffrey Camm and Dr. Michael Fry share effective uses of business analytics for financial leaders in higher ed.
The Inflation Reduction Act of 2022 and Your Classroom
Aimed at supporting renewable energy and adjusting the qualifications for key tax credits, the Inflation Reduction Act of 2022 includes some big changes to the Taxation landscape – and your classroom.
Chat and New Textbook Preview with Prof. Greg Mankiw
Watch this webinar recording from Professor Greg Mankiw as he walks you through changes to Principles of Economics, 10e, the latest digital tools that come with it and answers audience questions.
CPA Evolution and the Undergrad Tax Class
The next iteration of the CPA Exam – CPA Evolution – launches in 2024. It features a core exam, plus a choice of three discipline areas – including Tax. The CPA Evolution Model Curriculum helps students better understand the revised exam.
Tips on Teaching Immunology
Looking for new ways to teach immunology? Dr. Co showcases methods to cover a simple view of immunology.
Exposing Students to Data Analytics in Intro Accounting
This webinar offers suggestions and best practices for incorporating data analytics into your introductory Accounting courses with ease —without taking up valuable class time to teach Excel.
Lab Tips to Teach Bone Physiology
Many A&P instructors are missing adequate resources for teaching bone physiology in the lab. This webinar shares a cost-effective way to represent the processes by which osteoblasts make bone.
Timely Tips for Teaching Reproduction
Increasing an understanding of reproduction allows students to prepare for pregnancy and pregnancy prevention, both professionally and personally.
Incorporating Tax Research Into Your Intro Tax Course
In this recorded webinar session, we identify suitable topics for basic tax research for students in an Introductory Tax course, and explain appropriate research materials and grading rubrics for simple tax research exercises.
Give Students Hands-on Experience with Real Tax Forms
In this recorded webinar, CPA and instructor Scott Gumieny provides an overview of Intuit's ProConnect software and offers suggestions and best practices for incorporating it in your Tax courses to give students hands-on experience with real tax forms.
Discovery-based, Problem-solving Approach for Calculus
In this recorded webinar, Dr. Steve Kokoska discusses strategies on how to help students overcome preparedness challenges in Calculus and ensure they are grasping key concepts as they develop problem-solving skills.
Food for Thought: Engaging Students in US History
Watch this recorded webinar session for a comprehensive tour of WebAssign for Chemistry, our online learning platform, now available for select chemistry courses.
Food for Thought: Engaging Students in US History
Watch this recorded webinar to learn about the latest product developments in Cengage US history, and how recent revisions have helped shape unique and high-quality content for your students.
Personalize Learning With AI and Cengage
Explore GenAI at Cengage, from the tools you can use now to what’s next. Preview the Student Assistant — and how it helps students think critically, while personalizing their learning experience.
Who Says Bones Are Boring?
Get your students excited about bone anatomy! In this recorded session, we explore innovative ways to help students feel engaged, grasp bone features and apply their knowledge beyond the lab.
Food for Thought: Redeveloping Comparative Politics
Watch this recorded webinar session to learn about the biggest updates and changes to “Introduction to Comparative Politics: Political Challenges and Changing Agendas,” 9e.
Channeling Stress Responses into Positive Outcomes
Enjoy a discussion in partnership with HAPS about what stress actually is, literature around helpful and harmful stress and evidence-based ways to channel stress into positive academic outcomes for students.
Addressing Calculus Readiness Gaps
Prepare your Calculus students to overcome any readiness gaps coming into Calculus I-II with WebAssign resources such as the Stewart-authored Diagnostic Tests with new tutorial support and more.
Food for Thought: American Government
Watch this recorded webinar session to learn how the latest titles and MindTap activities for American Government courses foster discussion and develop critical thinking.
Investments for the 21st Century: Author Overview
Gain valuable insights into how investments, analysis and decision-making can be applied to help students advance their careers with Excel and other technologies.
Equipping Medical Coding Students to Become Career Ready
Learn about the updated user experience in our Medical Insurance Billing and Coding Certification Exam Review Preparation online material, along with MindTap program enhancements.
Educator’s Edge: Student Mastery with AI Assessments
Learn how AI can benefit your students with MindTap Bongo. Explore highly customizable and versatile tools and create AI-powered videos based on your teaching preferences and needs.
Developing Statistical Thinking with WebAssign and SALT
Learn how the Statistical Analysis & Learning Tool (SALT) and new resources in WebAssign enable instructors to guide Introductory Statistics students in analyzing and visualizing data.
Tackling Challenges in Teaching Introductory Accounting
Experiencing challenges in teaching Introductory Accounting? Jeff Jones, member of our Warren author team, offers support and practical guidance on presenting key topics to students.
Exploring Tax Research: A Dynamic Approach to Teaching Tax
Explore the what, why, how and when to add primary authorities into teaching tax to your Accounting majors. Get examples you can put into action with your students.
Put Medical Assisting Students on a Path to Excellence
Discover how MindTap for Medical Assisting delivers real-world activities to help students gain the critical, hands-on skills they need to become excellent Medical Assistants.
Bring Coding to Life: MindTap with GitHub Codespaces
Discover how MindTap with GitHub Codespaces enables collaboration, code sharing and real-time feedback among you and your students. Learn how it delivers an authentic coding environment from anywhere.
Teaching Data Mining & Machine Learning in Analytics
Ideal for faculty of Business Statistics, Analytics, Operations Management or data/machine-learning programs, this webinar delivers proven approaches for teaching data mining and machine learning.
Making Teaching Easier: What’s New in WebAssign
Get the inside scoop on changes we’ve been making to WebAssign, including a new instructor experience, new mastery functionality and enhanced feedback to support student learning.
Using Digital Assets to Teach Taxation to Students
This webinar explores digital assets, such as virtual currency and NFTs, and address the tax rules that apply to them and the open issues.
Making the Case for Case Studies: The Sequel
In this extension of our in-person event at HAPS, we will discuss the importance of case study teaching, compare and contrast different teaching methods and adapt a case study for your classroom.
Integrating Data Visualization with Business Analytics
In this webinar, two leading analytics and data science instructors will discuss the best ways to integrate data visualization into your Business Analytics courses and across your curriculum.
Grow Students’ Calculus Understanding with WebAssign
In this webinar, you’ll discover the exercises in WebAssign for Calculus that offer engaging exercises and study resources to help develop students’ conceptual understanding.
Strengthening Help-Seeking in the A&P Lab
What drives some students to ask for help while others don’t? We’ll examine the research about academic help-seeking before diving in to practical ways to embed help-seeking supports in the A&P lab.
Analytics Skills in Accounting with Realistic Data Sets
This webinar explores new ways to give your Accounting students experience working with realistic data sets and build their confidence and critical thinking abilities.
Teaching Medical Insurance Billing & Coding w/MindTap
Explore MindTap for Advanced Medical Coding Practicum 2023/2024, 1e, which includes an updated Medical Coding Trainer and Medical Insurance Billing and Coding Certification Exam Review Preparation.
Teaching Criminal Justice Beyond the Classroom
Dive into new assignment types in MindTap for Intro to Criminal Justice that help students build their decision-making skills through scenario-based activities and support them outside the classroom.
Images in A&P Teaching
Visual representation is a critical component of developing a sense of belonging―do students see themselves in the course content? Join Dr. Liz Co and Kathy Burleson to discuss imagery in A&P content.
Next Steps: The CPA Exam and Undergrad Tax Class
Learn how to design coursework that emphasizes the CPA Exam tax core and discipline, and identify resources from Cengage and AICPA to help students prepare for the 2024 CPA examination.
Next Steps: Adding Data Analytics into Intro Accounting
Learn more about the data analytics skill demand for college graduates, how to boost your courses with data analytics projects and how to integrate data analytics into your courses.
The Value of Tough Discussions in Government Courses
Join author Matt Levendusky for a conversation on tackling tough political topics and fostering healthy discussion in your American Government course, and take a tour of MindTap and Cengage Infuse.
Prepping Precalculus Students for Success in Calculus
In this webinar, you’ll learn about bridging readiness gaps with WebAssign using prerequisite refreshers, features that bridge gaps in students’ knowledge, Explore It modules and hands-on activities.
Grow Students’ Understanding of Calculus with WebAssign
Discover how you can help your students develop a conceptual understanding of Calculus using exercises in WebAssign, and hear from a fellow instructor on how they use WebAssign in their course.
Supporting Anatomy and Physiology Students with MindTap
In this webinar, you’ll dive into the Anatomy and Physiology toolkit, designed to help your students feel prepared, confident and seen as they move through your course.
New in Business Analytics: Textbooks and Data Mining
In this webinar, you’ll learn about the latest news in Business Analytics and review new methods of solving problems in data mining with Orange, a python-based software package.
Teaching Physics Beyond the Textbook with WebAssign
In this webinar, you’ll get a behind-the-scenes look into how the Digital Workbook in WebAssign for Physics was built, and take a deep dive into the activities themselves.
Bridging College Algebra Readiness Gaps with WebAssign
In this webinar, you’ll learn about the features in WebAssign that can help students overcome readiness gaps in College Algebra, and hear from a fellow instructor on how they use WebAssign.
Get Your Time Teaching Chemistry Back with OWLv2
In this webinar, you’ll hear from a current instructor about how to save time with easy-to-deliver, pre-built Chemistry activities in OWLv2, and how to deliver Laddered Assessments.
Develop Students’ Understanding of Statistics with SALT
In this webinar, you’ll learn how to help your students analyze data with the Statistical Analysis and Learning Tool (SALT) in WebAssign and guide them towards a deeper understanding of Statistics.
Thinking Rhetorically about Multimodal Composition
Discover how you can help support your students' compositions across modalities with Becoming Rhetorical and MindTap, featuring assignments grounded in the rhetorical skills they need for success.
Teaching Your Business Courses with Cengage Infuse
Discover how Cengage Infuse, our LMS-embedded course kit, can help students in Intro to Business, Marketing, Management and Business Law lock in their understanding of the material.
Applying Business Analytics to Higher Ed
Watch nationally recognized Business Analytics authors Dr. Jeffrey Camm and Dr. Michael Fry share effective uses of business analytics for financial leaders in higher ed.
The Inflation Reduction Act of 2022 and Your Classroom
Aimed at supporting renewable energy and adjusting the qualifications for key tax credits, the Inflation Reduction Act of 2022 includes some big changes to the Taxation landscape – and your classroom.
Chat and New Textbook Preview with Prof. Greg Mankiw
Watch this webinar recording from Professor Greg Mankiw as he walks you through changes to Principles of Economics, 10e, the latest digital tools that come with it and answers audience questions.
CPA Evolution and the Undergrad Tax Class
The next iteration of the CPA Exam – CPA Evolution – launches in 2024. It features a core exam, plus a choice of three discipline areas – including Tax. The CPA Evolution Model Curriculum helps students better understand the revised exam.
Tips on Teaching Immunology
Looking for new ways to teach immunology? Dr. Co showcases methods to cover a simple view of immunology.
Exposing Students to Data Analytics in Intro Accounting
This webinar offers suggestions and best practices for incorporating data analytics into your introductory Accounting courses with ease —without taking up valuable class time to teach Excel.
Lab Tips to Teach Bone Physiology
Many A&P instructors are missing adequate resources for teaching bone physiology in the lab. This webinar shares a cost-effective way to represent the processes by which osteoblasts make bone.
Timely Tips for Teaching Reproduction
Increasing an understanding of reproduction allows students to prepare for pregnancy and pregnancy prevention, both professionally and personally.
Incorporating Tax Research Into Your Intro Tax Course
In this recorded webinar session, we identify suitable topics for basic tax research for students in an Introductory Tax course, and explain appropriate research materials and grading rubrics for simple tax research exercises.
Give Students Hands-on Experience with Real Tax Forms
In this recorded webinar, CPA and instructor Scott Gumieny provides an overview of Intuit's ProConnect software and offers suggestions and best practices for incorporating it in your Tax courses to give students hands-on experience with real tax forms.
Discovery-based, Problem-solving Approach for Calculus
In this recorded webinar, Dr. Steve Kokoska discusses strategies on how to help students overcome preparedness challenges in Calculus and ensure they are grasping key concepts as they develop problem-solving skills.